Difference between revisions of "Running your first program"
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For more examples of how to use the assembly language, follow the [[Short tour of PAL]]. | For more examples of how to use the assembly language, follow the [[Short tour of PAL]]. | ||
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Revision as of 11:45, 4 August 2010
Running your first PROSE program
In release 0.6.x, only the PROSE Assembly Language (PAL) is available, and then only a subset of those instructions. So be aware, it's very low-level programming at this time. To learn more about the PROSE Programming Language, visit http://prose.sourceforge.net.
The 'nxdump' program
The best program to try out first is copied below. This walks the nexus, which is the internal tree hierarchy, dumping out each object it finds.
~Module
EQUS {[loft.util]}
._init
func/def [main], &[.dump]
local/rtn
.dump
stack/lock
reg/load PUSH, (![.prose])
obj/dump PEEK
.loop
reg/load P0, (PEEK)
reg/jmpeq &[.loop_next], P0, NULL
obj/dump P0
reg/load P1, (P0)
reg/jmpeq &[.loop], P1, NULL
stack/push P1
local/jmp &[.loop]
.loop_next
reg/clr PULL
reg/jmpneq &[.loop], PEEK, LOCK
stack/unlock
func/rtn
Type in the above program (or copy and paste if you're feeling lazy), and save it as nxdump.pal. Assemble it into bytecode using the following command:
$ prism nxdump
This command takes a source assembly file with a .pal suffix, and creates a bytecode file with a .pro suffix. To execute the bytecode file within the PROSE engine, simply pass it to the prose tool:
$ prose nxdump
.prose:objectClass=psContainer
.prose:objectClass=top
.prose:objectClass=psRoot
.prose:pn=[prose]
.prose:psVersion=[0.6.0]
.prose.schema:objectClass=top
.prose.schema:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.schema:pn=[schema]
.prose.schema.oc:objectClass=top
.prose.schema.oc:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.schema.oc:pn=[oc]
.prose.schema.at:objectClass=top
.prose.schema.at:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.schema.at:pn=[at]
.prose.io:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.io:objectClass=top
.prose.io:objectClass=psIOStream
.prose.io:pn=[io]
.prose.io:psStreamIn=[]
.prose.io:psStreamOut=[]
.prose.io:psStreamError=[]
.prose.io:psStreamDebug=[]
.prose.io:psByteStream=[]
.prose.error:objectClass=top
.prose.error:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error:pn=[error]
.prose.error.sys:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys:pn=[sys]
.prose.error.sys.BadDevice:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.BadDevice:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.BadDevice:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.BadDevice:pn=[BadDevice]
.prose.error.sys.BadDevice:description=[No such device or address]
.prose.error.sys.AlreadyExists:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.AlreadyExists:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.AlreadyExists:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.AlreadyExists:pn=[AlreadyExists]
.prose.error.sys.AlreadyExists:description=[Entry already exists]
.prose.error.sys.BadRegister:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.BadRegister:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.BadRegister:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.BadRegister:pn=[BadRegister]
.prose.error.sys.BadRegister:description=[Unknown register code]
.prose.error.sys.HiddenData:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.HiddenData:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.HiddenData:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.HiddenData:pn=[HiddenData]
.prose.error.sys.HiddenData:description=[Operation not allowed on hidden data]
.prose.error.sys.OutOfRange:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.OutOfRange:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.OutOfRange:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.OutOfRange:pn=[OutOfRange]
.prose.error.sys.OutOfRange:description=[Number or index out of range]
.prose.error.sys.SchemaError:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.SchemaError:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.SchemaError:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.SchemaError:pn=[SchemaError]
.prose.error.sys.SchemaError:description=[Operation failed schema check]
.prose.error.sys.StackNotFlushed:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.StackNotFlushed:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.StackNotFlushed:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.StackNotFlushed:pn=[StackNotFlushed]
.prose.error.sys.StackNotFlushed:description=[Stack not flushed]
.prose.error.sys.OutOfMemory:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.OutOfMemory:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.OutOfMemory:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.OutOfMemory:pn=[OutOfMemory]
.prose.error.sys.OutOfMemory:description=[Out of memory]
.prose.error.sys.StackNotLocked:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.StackNotLocked:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.StackNotLocked:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.StackNotLocked:pn=[StackNotLocked]
.prose.error.sys.StackNotLocked:description=[Stack lock marker not found]
.prose.error.sys.TooManyLinks:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.TooManyLinks:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.TooManyLinks:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.TooManyLinks:pn=[TooManyLinks]
.prose.error.sys.TooManyLinks:description=[Too many links]
.prose.error.sys.AttributeEmpty:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.AttributeEmpty:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.AttributeEmpty:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.AttributeEmpty:pn=[AttributeEmpty]
.prose.error.sys.AttributeEmpty:description=[Attribute data value is empty]
.prose.error.sys.IoError:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.IoError:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.IoError:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.IoError:pn=[IoError]
.prose.error.sys.IoError:description=[I/O error]
.prose.error.sys.AccessDenied:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.AccessDenied:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.AccessDenied:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.AccessDenied:pn=[AccessDenied]
.prose.error.sys.AccessDenied:description=[Permission denied]
.prose.error.sys.IncompleteCode:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.IncompleteCode:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.IncompleteCode:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.IncompleteCode:pn=[IncompleteCode]
.prose.error.sys.IncompleteCode:description=[Incomplete bytecode]
.prose.error.sys.AttributeNotFound:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.AttributeNotFound:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.AttributeNotFound:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.AttributeNotFound:pn=[AttributeNotFound]
.prose.error.sys.AttributeNotFound:description=[Attribute definition not found in schema]
.prose.error.sys.NoEntry:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.NoEntry:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.NoEntry:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.NoEntry:pn=[NoEntry]
.prose.error.sys.NoEntry:description=[No such entry or object]
.prose.error.sys.StringsFull:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.StringsFull:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.StringsFull:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.StringsFull:pn=[StringsFull]
.prose.error.sys.StringsFull:description=[No space left in string table]
.prose.error.sys.DataFull:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.DataFull:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.DataFull:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.DataFull:pn=[DataFull]
.prose.error.sys.DataFull:description=[No space left in data segment table]
.prose.error.sys.StackFull:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.StackFull:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.StackFull:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.StackFull:pn=[StackFull]
.prose.error.sys.StackFull:description=[Stack overflow]
.prose.error.sys.BadObject:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.BadObject:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.BadObject:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.BadObject:pn=[BadObject]
.prose.error.sys.BadObject:description=[Operation not valid on this object]
.prose.error.sys.ObjectHasChild:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.ObjectHasChild:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.ObjectHasChild:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.ObjectHasChild:pn=[ObjectHasChild]
.prose.error.sys.ObjectHasChild:description=[Operation not valid on parent object]
.prose.error.sys.GenericError:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.GenericError:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.GenericError:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.GenericError:pn=[GenericError]
.prose.error.sys.BadAddress:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.BadAddress:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.BadAddress:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.BadAddress:pn=[BadAddress]
.prose.error.sys.BadAddress:description=[Bad address or object]
.prose.error.sys.BadOpcode:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.BadOpcode:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.BadOpcode:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.BadOpcode:pn=[BadOpcode]
.prose.error.sys.BadOpcode:description=[Unknown opcode]
.prose.error.sys.SiOverflow:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.SiOverflow:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.SiOverflow:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.SiOverflow:pn=[SiOverflow]
.prose.error.sys.SiOverflow:description=[String index overflow]
.prose.error.sys.ClassNotFound:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.ClassNotFound:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.ClassNotFound:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.ClassNotFound:pn=[ClassNotFound]
.prose.error.sys.ClassNotFound:description=[Class definition not found in schema]
.prose.error.sys.StackNoSpace:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.StackNoSpace:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.StackNoSpace:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.StackNoSpace:pn=[StackNoSpace]
.prose.error.sys.StackNoSpace:description=[No space left in stack]
.prose.error.sys.BadCode:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.BadCode:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.BadCode:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.BadCode:pn=[BadCode]
.prose.error.sys.BadCode:description=[Invalid bytecode]
.prose.error.sys.ValueTooBig:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.ValueTooBig:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.ValueTooBig:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.ValueTooBig:pn=[ValueTooBig]
.prose.error.sys.ValueTooBig:description=[Value too big]
.prose.error.sys.StackEmpty:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.StackEmpty:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.StackEmpty:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.StackEmpty:pn=[StackEmpty]
.prose.error.sys.StackEmpty:description=[Stack underflow]
.prose.error.sys.HashNoSpace:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.HashNoSpace:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.HashNoSpace:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.HashNoSpace:pn=[HashNoSpace]
.prose.error.sys.HashNoSpace:description=[No space left in hash table]
.prose.error.sys.BadInstruction:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.BadInstruction:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.BadInstruction:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.BadInstruction:pn=[BadInstruction]
.prose.error.sys.BadInstruction:description=[Unknown instruction]
.prose.error.sys.NoSpace:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.NoSpace:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.NoSpace:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.NoSpace:pn=[NoSpace]
.prose.error.sys.NoSpace:description=[No space left]
.prose.error.sys.VectorNoSpace:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.VectorNoSpace:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.VectorNoSpace:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.VectorNoSpace:pn=[VectorNoSpace]
.prose.error.sys.VectorNoSpace:description=[No space left in vector]
.prose.error.sys.NoPathEnt:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.NoPathEnt:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.NoPathEnt:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.NoPathEnt:pn=[NoPathEnt]
.prose.error.sys.NoPathEnt:description=[Object not found in search path]
.prose.error.sys.InvalidArgument:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.InvalidArgument:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.InvalidArgument:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.InvalidArgument:pn=[InvalidArgument]
.prose.error.sys.InvalidArgument:description=[Invalid or missing argument]
.prose.error.sys.ListNoSpace:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.ListNoSpace:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.ListNoSpace:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.ListNoSpace:pn=[ListNoSpace]
.prose.error.sys.ListNoSpace:description=[No space left in linked list]
.prose.error.sys.ArchTooBig:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.ArchTooBig:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.ArchTooBig:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.ArchTooBig:pn=[ArchTooBig]
.prose.error.sys.ArchTooBig:description=[Address too big for this architecture]
.prose.error.sys.NoSupport:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.NoSupport:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.NoSupport:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.NoSupport:pn=[NoSupport]
.prose.error.sys.NoSupport:description=[Operation or data type not supported]
.prose.error.sys.StackLocked:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.error.sys.StackLocked:objectClass=top
.prose.error.sys.StackLocked:objectClass=psErrorType
.prose.error.sys.StackLocked:pn=[StackLocked]
.prose.error.sys.StackLocked:description=[Stack is locked]
.prose.code:objectClass=top
.prose.code:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.code:pn=[code]
.prose.code.sys:objectClass=top
.prose.code.sys:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.code.sys:pn=[sys]
.prose.code.loft:objectClass=top
.prose.code.loft:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.code.loft:pn=[loft]
.prose.code.loft.util:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.code.loft.util:objectClass=top
.prose.code.loft.util:objectClass=psModule
.prose.code.loft.util:pn=[util]
.prose.code.loft.util:psObjectFileId=[mb.pro]
.prose.code.loft.util.main:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.code.loft.util.main:objectClass=top
.prose.code.loft.util.main:objectClass=psFunction
.prose.code.loft.util.main:pn=[main]
.prose.code.loft.util.main:psObjectFileRd=[mb.pro]
.prose.code.loft.util.main:psObjectCodeRef=[0x0006]
.prose.code.loft.util.main:psModuleRoot=[.prose.code.loft.util]
.prose.code.loft.util.main._i0#0:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.code.loft.util.main._i0#0:objectClass=top
.prose.code.loft.util.main._i0#0:objectClass=psInstance
.prose.code.loft.util.main._i0#0:pn=[_i0#0]
.prose.code.loft.util.main._i0#0:psWalker=[.prose]
.prose.code.loft.util.main._i0#0:psWalker=[.prose.code]
.prose.code.loft.util.main._i0#0:psWalker=[.prose.code.loft]
.prose.code.loft.util.main._i0#0:psWalker=[.prose.code.loft.util]
.prose.code.loft.util.main._i0#0:psWalker=[.prose.code.loft.util.main]
.prose.code._tid:objectClass=top
.prose.code._tid:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.code._tid:pn=[_tid]
.prose.code._tid.0:objectClass=psContainer
.prose.code._tid.0:objectClass=top
.prose.code._tid.0:objectClass=psThread
.prose.code._tid.0:pn=[0]
.prose.code._tid.0:psRunningObject=[.prose.code.loft.util.main]
.prose.code._tid.0:psStackSize=[4]
Analysing the output of this program will tell you something about the way the PROSE engine structures its data. Each line takes the format object:objectClass=class or object:attribute=[value] where object is the address of the node in the nexus, class is the name of a class assigned to that object, attribute is the name of an attribute assigned to the object and value is the value assigned to the attribute.
Understanding how the program works is left as an exercise for the reader. I suggest you start with man pal_intro.
You can't view the bytecode file in a text editor, because it's in a binary format. However, you can reverse engineer it if you like. The prism tool also allows you to view the sections inside a bytecode file, or disassemble it (i.e. put it back into human-readable symbols). These tasks are achieved as follows:
$ prism -v nxdump
------------------------------------------------------------
PROSE HEADER
File: nxdump.pro
Size: 169 bytes
Compiled by: prism
Compiler version code: 0.6.0
Compile date: Wed Sep 30 11:49:17 2009
------------------------------------------------------------
INSTRUCTION CODE
000000 : c0 4c 01 5c 03 c8 84 d0 1e 48 02 91 1c d0 00 1c
000010 : cb 5c 13 00 1f 91 00 d0 01 00 cb 5d 0e 01 1f 81
000020 : 01 c6 5d 15 d1 1d cc 5d 1a 1c 1a 85 c3
Size: 45 bytes
------------------------------------------------------------
CODE LABELS
idx 000000 len 000005 [_init]
idx 000001 len 000004 [dump]
idx 000002 len 000004 [loop]
idx 000003 len 000009 [loop_next]
Size: 30 bytes
------------------------------------------------------------
CODE ADDRESSES
idx 000000 ref 000000
idx 000001 ref 000006
idx 000002 ref 00000d
idx 000003 ref 000024
Size: 4 bytes
------------------------------------------------------------
TEXT DATA
idx 000000 len 000009 [loft.util]
idx 000001 len 000004 [main]
idx 000002 len 000006 [.prose]
Size: 25 bytes
------------------------------------------------------------
DATA LABELS
idx 000000 len 000006 [Module]
Size: 8 bytes
------------------------------------------------------------
DATA XREF TABLE
idx 000000 ref 000000
Size: 1 bytes
------------------------------------------------------------
DATA SEGMENTS
idx 000000 len 000002 {
80 80 ..
}
Size: 3 bytes
------------------------------------------------------------
END OF FILE
$ prism -d nxdump
~Module
EQUS { [sys.tools] }
._init
func/def [nxdump], &[.dump]
local/rtn
.dump
stack/lock
reg/load PUSH, (![.prose])
obj/dump PEEK
.loop
reg/load P0, (PEEK)
reg/jmpeq &[.loop_next], P0, NULL
obj/dump P0
reg/load P1, (P0)
reg/jmpeq &[.loop], P1, NULL
stack/push P1
local/jmp &[.loop]
.loop_next
reg/clr PULL
reg/jmpneq &[.loop], PEEK, LOCK
stack/unlock
func/rtn
Where to go next
For more examples of how to use the assembly language, follow the Short tour of PAL.
